Tool-Tissue Interaction Forces in Hemangioblastoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Significance and Goals: The surgical removal of intracranial hemangioblastoma presents various technical difficulties that may be hard to convey to trainees. This study aims to present insights on the forces exerted by a sensorized bipolar forceps on tissue, measured in Newtons (N), during hemangioblastoma procedures. Methods: A total of seven surgeons participated in six surgeries for intracranial hemangioblastoma, divided into two groups: one mentor ( n = 1) and six trainees ( n = 6, ranging from PGY 1 to 6, including clinical fellowship). Tool-tissue force profiles were assessed using sensorized bipolar forceps across five specific surgical tasks: (1) dissection, (2) coagulation, (3) retraction, (4) pulling, and (5) manipulation. Each trial's force profile included metrics such as force duration, averages, maximums, minimums, range, standard deviation (SD), and correlation coefficients. We compared force errors from unsuccessful trials—classified as bleeding or incomplete—with successful trials. Results: Data was gathered from 718 trials. The average (SD) force exerted across all surgical tasks and experience levels was found to be 0.20 ± 0.17 N. The force applied by trainee surgeons was significantly lower than that by the mentor (0.15 N vs. 0.24 N; p < 0.0001). There were 18 unsuccessful trials (4.5%), with four resulting in bleeding and the others being incomplete. The force during unsuccessful bleeding trials was greater than in successful ones (0.3 [0.09] N vs. 0.17 [0.11] N; p = 0.0401). Increased force was noted toward the end of surgeries (0.17 N vs. 0.20 N; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Measuring tool-tissue forces in hemangioblastoma surgeries, combined with feedback provided to surgeons, has the potential to improve surgical training and help prevent bleeding linked to excessive force errors. Publication History Article published online: 07 February 2025 © 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".