Evidence of eastern rockhopper penguin feeding on a key commercial arrow squid species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Cephalopods are crucial to the Southern Ocean ecosystem, connecting top predators with mid-trophic organisms, yet their ecology in the Pacific sector is not well understood. This research used stable isotope analysis to explore the habitat and trophic ecology of cephalopods found in the diet of eastern rockhopper penguins ( Eudyptes chrysocome filholi ) around Campbell Island, a New Zealand sub-Antarctic island. Eastern rockhopper penguins were used as biologic samplers, revealing some differences in cephalopod diversity and ecology between two breeding seasons—1986–87 and 2012–13—, and the squid Nototodarus sloanii , a commercially valuable species, was described for the first time in the 2012–13 season. Stable isotope values ( δ 13 C and δ 15 N) for the squid species Moroteuthopsis ingens were consistent between seasons, indicating ecological stability, whereas the octopod species Octopus campbelli showed changes, suggesting shifts in habitat and feeding. Warmer oceanic temperatures in 2012–13 may have facilitated the emergence of N. sloanii on the diet of the eastern rockhopper penguins. These findings highlight potential changes in cephalopod biodiversity in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, emphasizing the need for further research on ecological dynamics of this region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".