The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) stimulates oxygen consumption by larval sea lamprey in a dose-dependent manner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ) are an invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where parasitism by blood-feeding juvenile lampreys greatly reduced populations of economically and culturally important native fishes in the early-mid 1900s. To control sea lamprey populations, the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is added to streams infested with larval sea lamprey. Sea lamprey have a lower capacity to detoxify TFM than most non-target fishes, making it a highly effective pesticide. TFM decreases ATP production by disrupting oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, leading to an increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption. However, little is known about how TFM affects whole animal oxygen consumption in sea lamprey and other fishes. To test the hypothesis that TFM has dose-dependent effects on larval sea lamprey metabolic rate, we measured the mass-specific oxygen consumption rates ( Ṁ O 2 ) of larval sea lamprey using intermittent-flow respirometry during TFM exposure. Exposure to increasing concentrations of TFM led to stepwise increases in Ṁ O 2 in larval sea lamprey, resulting in death after Ṁ O 2 reached levels equivalent to their known maximum metabolic rates. Similar measurements of Ṁ O 2 could be used to determine the relative TFM sensitivity of non-target species to better assess the potential impacts of TFM on resident fisheries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".