Contrasting the effects of immobilisation and anaesthesia on the stress physiology and behaviour of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anaesthesia and/or immobilisation are typically required to facilitate experimental procedures on fishes such as the surgical implantation of electronic tags. Yet, optimal anaesthetic or immobilisation methods have primarily been developed and tested in teleosts, with relevant information on efficacy and suitability of these methods lacking for basal ray-finned fishes such as imperilled sturgeons (Acipenseridae). Here, we investigated the behavioural and physiological responses of hatchery-origin juvenile lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) to four immobilisation or anaesthetic methods. We conducted an experiment wherein fish were held in a fashion designed to induce tonic immobility, exposed to electroanaesthesia with a TENS unit, anaesthetised with MS-222, or anaesthetised with clove oil, and then subjected to a simulated intracoelomic tagging surgery. Following reflex indicator scoring, fish were “released” into a circular tank arena for behaviour trials and blood sampling at 0.5, 2, and 4 h post-release. Both tonic immobility and electroanaesthesia were ineffective at immobilising fish, and surgery under these methods led to relatively little behavioural impairment but the highest plasma cortisol peaks. Fish anaesthetised with MS-222 or clove oil had greater post-release behavioural impairment but lower cortisol levels. We discuss the implications of our findings for the practical application of these methods, and the challenges with identifying the most suitable method for immobilising or anaesthetising sturgeons in laboratory and field settings. • Many sturgeons cannot be anaesthetised safely or effectively using many methods. • We explored four anaesthesia and immobilisation techniques in juvenile lake sturgeon. • Chemical anaesthetics were effective for surgery but led to more impaired behaviour. • Tonic immobility did not materialise, and electroanaesthesia was not effective. • We discuss benefits/challenges for applications to sturgeon research in the wild.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".