Classification and Genotype–Phenotype Relationships of <scp><i>GBA1</i></scp> Variants: <scp>MDSGene</scp> Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Depending on zygosity and the specific change, different variants in the GBA1 gene can cause Parkinson's disease (PD, PARK-GBA1) with reduced penetrance, act as genetic risk factors for PD or parkinsonism, and/or lead to Gaucher's disease (GD). This MDSGene systematic literature review covers 27,963 patients carrying GBA1 variants from 1082 publications with 794 variants, including 13,342 patients with PD or other forms of parkinsonism. It provides a comprehensive overview of demographic, clinical, and genetic findings from an ethnically diverse sample originating from 82 countries across five continents. The most frequent pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were "N409S" (aka "N370S"; dominating among Jewish and Whites), and "L483P" (aka "L444P"; dominating among Asians and Hispanics), whereas the most common coding risk variants were "E365K" (E326K), and "T408M" (T369M) (both common among Whites). A novel finding is that early-onset PD patients were predominantly of Asian ethnicity, whereas late-onset PD patients were mainly of White ethnicity. Motor cardinal features were similar between PD patients and other forms of parkinsonism, whereas motor complications and non-motor symptoms were more frequently reported in PD patients carrying "severe" variants than in those with "risk" or "mild" variants. Cognitive decline was reported in most patients after surgical treatment, despite achieving a beneficial motor function response. Most GD patients developing PD harbored the "N409S" variant, were of Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity, and showed a positive response to chronic levodopa treatment. With this review, we start to fill the gaps regarding genotype-phenotype correlations in GBA1 variant carriers, especially concerning PD. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".