Reprocessable Ferulic Acid-Based Nonisocyanate Polythiourethanes and Polyurethanes with High-Performance and Shape Memory Capabilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of renewable raw materials to construct environmentally friendly, nontoxic, nonisocyanate polymer materials has been gaining attention. Here, we prepared ferulic acid epoxy (FAE) by directly reacting the lignin derivative ferulic acid with epichlorohydrin. It was used as a precursor to construct five-membered cyclic carbonate (CC) and five-membered cyclic dithiocarbonate (DTC) with CO 2 and CS 2, respectively. These cyclic carbonates are then cured with different amines to produce nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) and nonisocyanate polythiourethanes (NIPTUs) with excellent properties. Ferulic acid contains a rigid aromatic ring structure, so the prepared nonisocyanate polymer materials have excellent mechanical properties, and the maximum tensile strength can reach 34.2 MPa. We compared NIPUs and NIPTUs in terms of their chemical structure, cross-link density, mechanical properties, and processing for remodeling. In addition, Due to the autoxidation of pendant sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds are present in the network structure of NIPTUs in addition to thionourethane. This endows NIPTUs with higher cross-link density, lower relaxation activation energy ( E a ), and lower remodeling temperature (<140 °C). After thermocompression remodeling, the tensile strength of NIPTUs significantly increased due to the enhanced thermally induced formation of disulfide bonds. This study evaluates the potential for the direct synthesis of biobased aromatic NIPUs and NIPTUs based on ferulic acid, providing a simple route for the preparation of nonisocyanate polyurethanes and polythiourethanes using cyclic carbonates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".