The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the bellicose bumblebee (<i>Bombus bellicosus</i>, Hymenoptera: Apidae), a threatened pollinator in a changing South American landscape
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the first genome of a Brazilian bumblebee species, the bellicose bumblebee ( Bombus bellicosus). This is an endemic species in southern South America facing local extinction due to habitat loss and climate change. During the COVID-19 social distancing in Brazil, we launched a citizen science initiative via social media to locate remaining bellicose bumblebee populations, leading to the collection of a specimen for genome sequencing. Analysis of the novel genome revealed lower genetic diversity in the bellicose bumblebee compared to a widespread related species ( Bombus pascuorum). However, the absence of extensive runs of homozygosity indicated a lack of recent inbreeding, offering a promising perspective for the conservation of this species. Furthermore, demographic history analysis indicates population expansion during past glacial periods, in contrast to Palearctic bumblebees that suffered a stark decline during glaciations. Our findings provide invaluable information for the conservation of this species and for further studies about its biology and evolution, particularly under a scenario of rapid environmental change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".