Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the birth of the first baby conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the UK in 1978, millions of people around the world have built their families using fertility treatments. One in six people of reproductive age worldwide experience infertility in their lifetime. That statistic does not account for single parents by choice, for 2SLGBTQI+ couples wanting to have children, or for those who require fertility preservation for medical reasons (such as a cancer diagnosis), who will need fertility care to form their families. Although it is often the only option for those who want to have children and can’t by other means, fertility care is expensive, making it inaccessible to many. The average, upfront out-of-pocket cost of one round of IVF in Canada is between $10,000 and $20,000, including medication. IVF with a donor embryo costs approximately $30,000 and surrogacy costs range from $80,000 to $100,000. In an effort to ensure people in Canada can access fertility care, the federal and some provincial governments have created measures, provided public funding, and established parentage laws. There is no national fertility funding strategy and three provinces (Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia) and the three territories are without any public funding for fertility care (as of January 2025). Access to fertility care varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, financially as well as geographically. Many residents are required to travel out of province to receive these treatments, which adds to the cost. The Assisted Human Reproduction Act is a federal act that regulates the administration of fertility treatments across provinces and territories. This report provides an overview of the principles that the Government of Canada abides by when creating such regulations. These are followed by a set of prohibitions and regulations surrounding consent and reimbursements. Finally, since many parties may be involved in fertility treatment, steps have been taken to protect the rights of all parties, including the intended parents, donors of reproductive materials, surrogate mothers, and the children being born. As such, most provinces and territories have established acts that determine the legal parents at birth as well as the process to become a legal parent of a child born by fertility treatments. These laws vary across jurisdictions, with some requiring a court order to change parentage, while others do not even recognize surrogacy. This report allows readers to form a better understanding of the fertility treatments, policies, and provincial subsidies available in Canada. Fertility treatments continue to evolve. As new discoveries are made, it is important to discuss and consider the potential policy changes that might be needed to accommodate this evolution in technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.048 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".