In-Flight Particle Oxidation Evolution in HVAF: A Numerical Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxygen present in the High Velocity Air-Fuel (HVAF) process can react with the in-flight metallic particles and cause their oxidation. A grown brittle oxide shell on metallic micro-size particles can reduce their deposition efficiency and impair the coating’s final deposited properties/microstructure. In the current study, the oxide growth of MCrAlY particles, where M stands for Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co), during their flight in the HVAF process has been numerically modeled and validated with experimental single-particle depositions. A thorough theoretical oxide layer growth background is also presented. The utilized oxidation development follows the Mott–Cabrera theory for very thin films, which uses the particle surrounding temperature and oxygen partial pressure to track and describe the oxide growth. The obtained results provide a good correlation between the HVAF system design, the operating conditions, and surface oxidation phenomena observed using focus ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM) analysis on collected particles. Furthermore, the particle’s degree of oxidation in HVAF is compared to High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) to demonstrate the influence of combustion processes on oxidation level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".