Arc-Flash Risk in Low-Voltage Single-Phase Power Distribution: Improving Confidence in Arc-Flash and Electric Shock Equipment Labeling
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
National Fire Protection Association 70E and Canadian Standards Association Z462 require a qualified person to perform an electrical hazard assessment—including arc flash risk—for activities involving exposed, energized conductors or when interaction based on a work task could create an abnormal arcing fault. IEEE 1584-2018 “Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations” documents the commonly accepted method for calculating arc-flash incident energy at an assumed working distance and the arc-flash boundary distance, for 208-V ac to 15k-V ac three-phase electrical equipment. While IEEE 1584 covers three-phase systems in detail, neither of the 2002 or 2018 editions provide modeling methods for single-phase systems. Single-phase 230-V and split phase 120/240-V ac power are the standard for residential and light commercial distribution around the world, and single-phase electrical equipment is common in industry. This article describes single-phase arc-flash experimental work conducted in 2020 as part of doctoral study and underpinning a dissertation. The principal investigator’s (PI’s) goal was to improve confidence in arc-flash and electric shock equipment labeling practices in support of his role as an industrial plant chief electrical engineer. The experimental hypothesis was: There is an available system energy threshold below which arc-flash incident energy would be low (less than 1.2 cal/cm<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it