Binary division of plastids involves endoplasmic reticulum mediation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plastids divide through binary division, involving the cytosolic protein Accumulation and Replication of Chloroplast 5 (ARC5), suggested to constrict and sever the plastid envelope membrane. However, the mechanisms involved in ARC5 recruitment to the mid-plastid division site and the final separation of daughter plastids are not fully understood. Using time-lapse imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana stable transgenics expressing fluorescently tagged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ARC5 proteins, we investigated the role played by the ER in the late stages of plastid division. Our observations establish that prior to its mid-plastid localization at the division plane, ARC5 associates with ER membranes. ARC5-ER association generates an ER band around the plastid mid-plane that persists throughout division. Progressive tightening of the ER band narrows the middle of the plastid to form an isthmus. Concomitantly, tandem plastid-ER dynamics facilitated by membrane contact sites (MCSs) move and rotate the dividing plastid and ultimately lead to the separation of daughter plastids. Our findings strongly indicate a pivotal role for the ER in facilitating plastid division.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".