The valence states of Nb and Ta in magmatic-hydrothermal systems: Insights from combined SXAS and XPS analyses of titanite and ilmenite in two Chinese anorogenic suites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Niobium and tantalum are the so-called “geochemical twins,” sharing similar properties and having long been used to constrain magmatic sources and trace geological and planetary processes. Significant fractionations of Nb and Ta have recently been documented in diverse magmatic-hydrothermal and metamorphic systems, but their origin remains unclear. Nb and Ta are preferentially incorporated in Ti-rich minerals such as ilmenite, rutile, and titanite. In this study, representative samples of Nb-rich titanite and ilmenite exhibiting large Nb/Ta variations (5 to 65) from two anorogenic alkaline suites in the Fangcheng and Ziyang regions of China and associated hydrothermal alteration have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray adsorption spectroscopy (SXAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Raman spectra of Nb-rich titanite and ilmenite show only minor degrees of metamictization. The Nb K-edge SXAS spectra of Nb-rich ilmenite with Nb/Ta > 30 are similar to those of Nb2O5, indicating a dominant presence of Nb5+ with minor Nb4+ and an Nb5+/ΣNb ratio range from 0.59 to 1. In contrast, the Nb K-edge SXAS spectra of titanite and ilmenite with Nb/Ta < 30 indicate mixed valences of Nb5+ and Nb4+, with Nb5+/ΣNb in the range of 0.22 to 0.55. Similarly, XPS measurements of titanite and ilmenite further support the presence of mixed valences of Nb, with Nb5+/ΣNb in the range of 0.49 to 0.85. In addition, Ta L3-edge SXAS spectra of titanite suggest the occupancy of Ta5+ at the octahedral site. Fitting results from Nb K-edge and Ta L3-edge extended X-ray adsorption fine structure (EXAFS) data further suggest that both Nb and Ta replace Ti via coupled substitutions of the type 2Ti4+ ↔ (Nb5+, Ta5+) + (Al, Fe)3+ and an isovalent substitution Ti4+ ↔ Nb4+. A positive correlation between the oxidation states of Nb and the Nb/Ta values has been observed in titanite and ilmenite, but not for Ta. These results suggest that the extreme enrichment and large variations in Nb contents, as well as significant fractionation of Nb from Ta in titanite and ilmenite, are controlled by the prevailing oxygen fugacity in magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Given these complexities involving variable valence states, circumspection is required to use Nb and Ta anomalies to interpret geotectonic settings and apply Nb/Ta systematics to constrain magmatic-hydrothermal sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".