Long-term biennial patterns in Puget Sound Chinook salmon and Southern Resident killer whales: the role of pink salmon and implications for ecosystem management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pink salmon returning from the Pacific Ocean have reached record-high abundances, leading to adverse effects on numerous marine species, including Chinook salmon. In Puget Sound, Washington, odd-year abundances of pink salmon spawners tripled after 1997; few return in even-years. We used this extreme biennial pattern to search for corresponding patterns in natural-origin Chinook abundance and productivity that might also explain biennial mortality and births in Chinook-dependent Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW) that emerged during their decline after the 1997/1998 El Niño. In the Sultan River, Chinook spawners shifted upstream in odd-numbered years when sympatric pink salmon were abundant in the lower river and Chinook fry per redd declined. Since 1997, Puget Sound Chinook abundance averaged 34% less in odd- versus even-years, and was negatively correlated with pink abundance. These findings support the hypothesis that pink salmon reduced Chinook abundance and influenced the biennial patterns and decline of SRKW. Management actions to reduce the growing abundance of pink salmon, especially those reaching spawning grounds, could potentially benefit the recovery of ESA-listed Chinook salmon and SRKWs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".