Surfactant‐Based Polymer Microchip Electrophoresis of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Monohydrate in Unfiltered Milk With Fluorescence Detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work describes a cross-shaped PMMA ME system capable of detecting ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate (CPFH) in unfiltered milk samples. The cross-shaped PMMA ME system utilizes a BGE consisting primarily of the surface-active agent SDS to solubilize milk fat and improve the zeta potential of the PMMA microchannel surface. A theoretical lumped-element circuit model for cross-shaped ME is introduced in this work to calculate the migration time of CPFH. This manuscript improves the capabilities of PMMA-based ME for CPFH in milk using an SDS-based BGE. The presented ME system has a faster migration time, higher mean output voltage, and thinner full-width at half-maximum than previously reported dairy-based biosensor systems. Most notably, the migration time of the new system is under 10 min, being the time associated with the milking of cattle. The system is also found to be able to detect the presence of milk fat. Discussion is included of potential future integration with existing high-sensitivity methodologies to place the overall ME system's limit of detection below an established target. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported account of a PMMA ME system capable of detecting CPFH in unfiltered milk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".