RNA virus diversity highlights the potential biosecurity threat posed by Antarctic krill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, one of the most abundant species on the planet, is a keystone species of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. In the present study, we analyzed the RNA virome of Antarctic krill via metatranscription methods. The results showed that only 0.39% (49/12, 558) of the resultant unigenes could be assigned to known viral taxa, which were most similar to 17 known viruses, including nine invertebrate viruses, two vertebrate viruses, three protozoan viruses and three mycoviruses. However, most of the detected viruses possessed low amino acid similarity with counterparts in the viral databases. Penaeus vannamei picornavirus (PvPV; Family Picornaviridae) and covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV; Family Nodaviridae) were the two most abundant viruses in the Antarctic krill RNA virome. Notably, PvPV and CMNV are known pathogens to multiple aquatic animals according to epidemiological survey and exposure experiments, whereby PvPV positive krill caused clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions to P. vannamei and similarly, CMNV infection altered the swimming and feeding behavior of parent marine medaka Oryzias melastigma and caused tissue damage and even spinal curvature of the offspring. Results herein reveal, for the first time, the high abundance and taxonomic diversity of viruses in Antarctic krill while simultaneously highlighting the risk of an important virus reservoir to global aquaculture, and the potential impact on animals in the Antarctic ecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".