Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article takes a small part of South Africa’s oppositional history – the educational initiatives of social actors in exile – to show that ideas about environmental education were present in exile as much as in South Africa’s internal anti-apartheid movement. It builds on a South African historiography that problematises universalising notions of ‘development’ drawn from colonial modernisation discourses and tied to Western models of development. It focuses on the inclusion of Development Studies and environmental education in the curriculum of the exiled African National Congress’s (ANC’s) Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College (SOMAFCO) in the 1970s. Drawing on primary sources in the University of Fort Hare’s Liberation Movement Archives, the article argues that while the curriculum was part of a wider developmentalist discourse emerging in the post-WWII era; it aimed - unlike the apartheid curriculum which sought to construct and underline difference - to counter colonial racist discourses, and included environmental education in the curriculum at the suggestion of UNESCO. It could be seen as an early form of “decolonial” education. This case study is significant for deepening understanding of the history of environmental education in the global South. Keywords Environmental history, environmental education, South African history of education, anti-apartheid education in exile, UNESCO
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".