Safety Using Public Buses in Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: An Exploratory Study in Two North American Cities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Safe community mobility is critical to support aging-in-place. For older adults living in low-and moderate-income urban settings, driving may not be an option due to costs associated with car ownership or a lack of driving history. Some older adults retire from driving due to changes in their health. Public transportation is critical to support community engagement. However, little is known about transportation challenges in naturally occurring retirement communities (NORC). Therefore, the purpose of this ecological theory-informed study was to explore supports and limitations regarding safe public bus use in NORCs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A multiple qualitative case study design was used with purposive sampling of representative cases consisting of 4 bus routes in NORC neighborhoods. Field observations and in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted. Participants were: (a) age 60 and older, (b) English speaking, (c) ride the bus on average 2 or more times per month, (d) ambulatory with or without a walking aid, and (e) residents of 1 of the 4 NORC neighborhoods. A descriptive, thematic approach was used for data coding and analyses, and data were organized according to the framework method. RESULTS: Seventeen NORC residents were interviewed, and 45 hr of field observations were conducted. Results revealed 4 major themes: impact on other people's behavior, obstructed passageways, older riders impact on their own safety, and space and time orientation. Several subthemes were also uncovered. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest education and policy changes are needed to increase the safety of older adults who use public buses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".