Utilisation of steel slag aggregates to propose novel asphalt pavement structures alleviating urban heat islands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asphalt pavements release their absorbed heat, exacerbating an urban issue called urban heat island (UHI). In this study, the base course and the interface of the asphalt mixture and the base course were modified with steel slag aggregates (33, 66, and 100%) and a conductive prime coat (40% steel slag powder) to mitigate this issue. The heat transfer rates of developed specimens were then investigated using a solar simulation setup. The thermal properties of these specimens were also measured using a C-Therm device, developing a numerical model using ANSYS Fluent software and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) algorithms. The base courses containing 66% steel slag aggregates and the conductive prime coat showed the best performance. These structures decreased the pavement surface temperature by 13% and nighttime outgoing heat by 38% and 33%, respectively. The air temperature near the surface of these pavement structures was also reduced by 14%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".