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Prevalence, age-of-onset, and course of mental disorders among 72,288 first-year university students from 18 countries in the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative
Andre Mason, Charlene Rapsey, Nancy A. Sampson, Sue Lee, Yesica Albor, Ahmad N. AlHadi, Jordi Alonso, Nouf Al-Saud, Yasmin Altwaijri, Claes Andersson, Lukoye Atwoli, Randy P. Auerbach, Caroline Ayuya, Patricia M Báez-Mansur, Laura Ballester, Jason Bantjes, Harald Baumeister, Marcus Bendtsen, Corina Benjet, Anne H. Berman, Erik Bootsma, Silver C N Chan, Irina Cohut, María Anabell Covarrubias Díaz Couder, Pim Cuijpers, Daniel David, Dong Dong, David Daniel Ebert, Mireia Felez Nobrega, Jorge Gaete, Carlos G. Forero, Margalida Gili, Raúl A. Gutiérrez–García, Josep María Haro, Penelope Hasking, Kristen L. Hudec, Xanthe Hunt, Petra P. M. Hurks, Mathilde M. Husky, Florence Jaguga, Leontien Jansen, Fanny Kählke, Elisabeth F. Klinkenberg, Ann‐Marie Küchler, Álvaro I. Langer, Irene Léniz, Yan Liu, Scarlett Mac‐Ginty, Vania Martínez, Muthoni Mathai, Margaret McLafferty, Andrea Miranda-Mendizábal, Elaine Murray, Catherine Mawia Musyoka, Cătălin Nedelcea, Chun Ho Ngai, Daniel Núñez, Siobhan O’Neill, José A. Piqueras, Codruța Alina Popescu, Kealagh Robinson, Tíscar Rodríguez‐Jiménez, Damian Scarf, Oi Ling Siu, Dan J. Stein, Sascha Y. Struijs, Cristina Tomoiagă, Karla Patricia Valdés‐García, Sanne van Luenen, Daniel Vigo, Angel Y Wang, Reínout W. Wiers, Samuel Yeung Shan Wong, Ronald C. Kessler, Ronny Bruffaerts
Bibliographic record
VenueJournal of Psychiatric Research · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicMental Health Treatment and Access
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British ColumbiaUniversity of British Columbia Hospital
FundersOrtho-McNeil PharmaceuticalCenter for International Business Education and Research, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignFogarty International CenterFeilman FoundationNational Institute on Drug AbuseNational Institute of Mental HealthInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIFondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y TecnológicoPan American Health OrganizationAgència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de RecercaNational Health and Medical Research CouncilPfizer FoundationNúcleo Milenio Información y Coordinación en Redes, ICRUnitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si InovariiVetenskapsrådetAutoritatea Natională pentru Cercetare StiintificăConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaSaudi Basic Industries CorporationDirecció General de Recerca, Generalitat de CatalunyaEuropean CommissionMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloGeneralitat de CatalunyaMedical Research CouncilKing Saud UniversityKing Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research CentreCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalZonMwU.S. Public Health ServiceEli Lilly and CompanyJohn D. and Catherine T. MacArthur FoundationWofoo FoundationKoning BoudewijnstichtingKing Abdulaziz City for Science and TechnologyMinistry of Health – Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaSuicide Prevention AustraliaUniversity of OtagoGlaxoSmithKlineBristol-Myers SquibbCorporation for National and Community ServiceSouth African Medical Research Council
KeywordsMental healthPsychologyPsychiatryClinical psychologyGerontologyMedicine
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.043
Threshold uncertainty score0.454
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.043
GPT teacher head0.464
Teacher spread0.421 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations49
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractno