Integrating melt electrowriting (MEW) PCL scaffolds with fibroblast-laden hydrogel toward vascularized skin tissue engineering
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) skin equivalents (SEs) are promising platforms for studying skin disease or assessing the safety of skin-relevant products. Vascularization, which improves the functionality of reconstructed skin, is one of the remaining hurdles in SE production that, when successfully introduced, can widen SE applications. Here, combining porous polycaprolactone (PCL) melt electrowritten (MEW) scaffolds with fibroblast-laden methacrylated gelatin hydrogel (GelMA), we developed SEs with cellular vascular structure. The MEW scaffolds were composed of two layers: random fibers for culturing the keratinocytes to fabricate the epidermis; and well-aligned shapes filled with fibroblast-laden GelMA to mimic the dermis. Three dermal designs varying in porosities and pore sizes were compared to optimize the dermis reconstruction. Within one week, the design with bigger pore sizes achieved optimal cell distribution, penetration, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Additionally, Retinoic acid (RTA) was tested for improving ECM deposition. To mimic vasculature, we incorporated vascular grafts into the optimized SEs. These were fabricated by casting endothelial fibroblast-laden Matrigel onto small-diameter MEW-tubular structures. The versatility and reproducibility of the obtained SEs offer a robust new tool for in vitro testing and exploration of fundamental biological processes of skin tissue. The Figure: Human skin was generated by Biorender, the scientific illustration software (Canada), and the publishing certificate was obtained.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it