Analysis of Three-Dimensional Effects of a New Prefabricated Recyclable Retaining System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel, resilient, prefabricated, and recyclable retaining system is proposed for underground excavations, comprising a rigid steel frame and flexible steel panels. Laboratory model testing and finite-element simulations are conducted to evaluate the influence of three-dimensional (3D) effects on the system behavior during excavation. It is found that the length (L) and depth (He) of the excavation have a great influence on the lateral wall deflection (δh), while δh is insensitive to the variation of excavation width (B). A ground surface settlement model is proposed, consisting of a primary influence zone (0–1.5·He, and δvm at 0.15·He) and a secondary influence zone (1.5–4.0·He). The ratio of δvm/δhm varies between 0.6 and 1.2, with an average value of 0.85. Parametric analyses show that the L/B ratio can hardly affect the results of the plane strain ratio (PSR). Moreover, a modified equation for the PSR is presented to characterize the trends in the numerical results. Based on the numerical contours of failure zones, a simple theoretical model is proposed to calculate the active earth pressure (pa), which considers the impacts of wall movements and cohesion stress (c) on the mobilization of inclination angle of failure surface (θ). The derived θ-method provides better predictions on pa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".