Frustrated Lewis pairs reactivity across the periodic table: The 2024 Catalysis Award Lecture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents an overview of some of our developments of the chemistry of “frustrated Lewis pairs” (FLPs). We begin with a brief outline of the foundations of this discovery and applications of FLPs in hydrogenations. Recent advances in asymmetric hydrogenations and CO 2 reduction are discussed. Early studies of FLPs with alkynes and olefins are introduced and shown to lead to the more recent uncovering of phosphino-phosphination reactions, affording a route to dissymmetric bidentate phosphines, a class of understudied ligands for transition metal catalysis. The concept of FLP is further expanding into alkali metal species, with applications in the chemistry with CO or H 2 as well as Fischer–Tropsch chemistry. Efforts to use FLPs to model the reduction of N 2 in Haber–Bosch type chemistry are also discussed. The concept of FLPs is applied to xenon difluoride chemistry and the fluorination of electron deficient boranes and borates affording new anions that offer potential applications in catalysis. Finally, the broad scope of chemistry where FLPs are being applied is briefly highlighted, demonstrating the impact of this concept around the world and across the periodic table.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".