Estimating tangential heave stress on solar piles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Construction of solar panel piles in the Northern US is challenging due to soil freezing in winter. Freezing causes volumetric expansion and movement of soil along the pile applying a tangential heave stress (THS) that jacks up the pile. Relying on averaged values of the THS in building codes based on state/county conditions can lead to inaccurate THS estimates at specific project sites. In this study, the THS and adfreeze shear strength (AFSS) of soil samples collected from Indiana were measured using a temperature-controlled direct shear device at different temperatures and normal stresses. AFSS refers to the strength of the initial bond between the frozen soil and a foundation, while the THS is the residual upward force that remains after this bond breaks. This distinction is vital as the use of the THS can result in more economical and realistic foundations. A decrease in temperature led to an increase in the AFSS due to the amount of unfrozen water available at the interface. The obtained THSs were lower than those recommended by codes. In addition, it was found that the AFSS stems from the bonding of the ice to steel, while the THS results from friction. AFSS was not significantly influenced by the normal stress, while the THS increased with an increase in the normal stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".