Muscle-building supplement use is associated with muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among Canadian adolescents and young adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the association between muscle-building supplement use and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among Canadian adolescents and young adults. Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (N = 2,731) were analyzed. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between six commonly used muscle-building supplements (e.g., amino acids/branched-chain amino acids, creatine monohydrate, pre-workout drinks or powders, protein bars, weight/mass gainers, and whey protein shakes or powders), and an aggregated sum score of muscle-building supplements used, and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (measured using the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory [MDDI]), including scoring above the clinical cut-off (≥ 40 on the MDDI). The mean age of the sample was 22.9 years (SD = 3.9), 54.3% identified as a cisgender girl or woman, 62.4% identified as white, and 58.8% identified as heterosexual. Findings revealed that use of all six muscle-building supplements, and using a greater number of muscle-building supplements, were associated with greater total muscle dysmorphia symptomatology, as well as greater odds of meeting the clinical cut-off for muscle dysmorphia. These findings add to a growing body of literature on the association between muscle-building supplement use and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology by including multiple muscle-building supplements and utilizing a diverse, national sample of adolescents and young adults. Findings warrant further investigation and the development of intervention strategies to decrease the use of increasingly normalized muscle-building supplements and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".