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Record W4407739855 · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111151

Quantum internet building blocks state of research and development

2025· article· en· W4407739855 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueComputer Networks · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicQuantum Information and Cryptography
Canadian institutionsUniversité de Sherbrooke
FundersAdvanced Research Projects Agency - EnergyU.S. Department of DefenseNational Science Foundation
KeywordsComputer scienceThe InternetDevelopment (topology)State (computer science)Computer networkWorld Wide WebAlgorithm

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Breakthrough developments in quantum information technology is paving the way to the Quantum Internet. This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of research and development in the field of Quantum Communications and Quantum Internet. We examine the main building blocks and the latest achievements. By providing a holistic overview of recent achievements, this article fosters a deeper understanding of these building blocks, the related opportunities, and challenges associated with the realization of the Quantum Internet. We also provide some simple pedagogical models aimed to give the reader a clear insight on the interactions between quantum networking elements. A simple Quantum Internet 5Level-3D communication model is also provided, which integrates with, rather than parallels, the classical OSI and TCP/IP models. We further describe deployed testbeds and trials and highlight potential opportunities and challenges for Communication Service Provider's. We also provide some KPIs of quantum technologies and their evolution over the last decade. This article is intended as a self-contained entry level tutorial for newcomers who are not familiar with quantum information theory, but with some background knowledge about classical networking. Academics, students, as well as professionals can use this article to become able to begin researching the Quantum Internet, without having to read a plethora of articles, web pages, and books on the subject.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.958
Threshold uncertainty score0.380

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.029
GPT teacher head0.299
Teacher spread0.270 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it