Performance analysis of solar collectors with nano-enhanced phase change materials during transitional periods between cold and warm seasons in the continental temperate climates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The European Union's ambitious goals to reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency has highlighted the importance of renewable energy technologies like solar collectors. Buildings, responsible for a significant share of the EU's energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, can benefit from solar collectors integrated with thermal energy storage systems to optimize both heating and cooling. This study investigates how the integration of nano-enhanced phase change materials (nePCM) into a transpired solar collector (TSC) can improve thermal energy storage and efficiency. To explore this, an experimental setup was constructed and tested under real conditions. This study evaluates a transpired solar collector (TSC) integrated with nano-enhanced phase change materials (nePCMs) for thermal energy storage. Experimental results revealed plate temperatures exceeding ambient by up to 20 °C and nighttime outlet air temperatures raised by 2–3 °C. The system achieved an average efficiency of 50 %, validated by a mathematical model (MBE: 3.13 %, RMSE: 3.86 %). This demonstrates the potential of nePCMs to enhance solar energy storage and efficiency under real-world conditions. • Integration of nano-enhanced phase change materials (nePCM) in transpired solar collectors (TSC) • Experimental testing of TSC system under real conditions in a temperate continental climate • nePCM spheres improve thermal storage and release, enhancing system efficiency. • Mathematical model validated with experimental data, achieving an RMSE of 3.86 % • Applicable in regions with similar seasonal and solar conditions, like Southern Europe and North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".