Damage characteristics of shale with different bedding inclinations under high-pressure water jet impact after thermal treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water jet-assisted rock breaking is a conventional method for shale gas extraction. However, the complex conditions of deep shale reservoirs, including elevated temperatures and intricate stratification, obscure the rock-breaking mechanisms of jets. Therefore, this study conducted high-pressure water jet impact experiments on shale with five bedding angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) and four temperatures (room temperature, 100, 150, and 200 °C). Computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques were used to analyze the damage characteristics. Results indicate that increased temperature significantly enhances rock-breaking efficiency. The crack volume fraction at 200 °C increased by 146.44 times compared to 25 °C. The new crack area exhibited a sharp increase from 100 to 150 °C compared to the slow increase rate before and after this temperature range, indicating the presence of a threshold temperature for effective fragmentation by jet impact. Damage showed significant anisotropy, with crack depth increasing with bedding angle and a through crack emerged at 90°, while the new crack area peaked at 45°. The jet rock-breaking efficiency index (JREI) was introduced which integrates crack volume, area, and depth to characterize the fragmentation efficiency at different temperatures and bedding conditions. These findings could provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the fragmentation of deep shale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".