Are children and adolescents living with HIV in Europe and South Africa at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 and poor COVID-19 outcomes?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Children, adolescents, and young people living with HIV (CALWHIV), including those in resource-limited settings, may be at increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, poorer coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). We conducted a repeat SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence survey among CALWHIV in Europe ( n = 493) and South Africa (SA, n = 307), and HIV-negative adolescents in SA ( n = 100), in 2020–2022. Blood samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, questionnaires collected data on SARS-CoV-2 risk factors and vaccination status, and clinical data were extracted from health records. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (95% CI) was 55% (50%–59%) in CALWHIV in Europe, 67% (61%–72%) in CALWHIV in SA, and 85% (77%–92%) among HIV-negative participants in SA. Among those unvaccinated at time of sampling ( n = 769, 85%), seroprevalence was 40% (35%–45%), 64% (58%–70%), and 81% (71%–89%), respectively. Few participants (11% overall) had a known history of SARS-CoV-2-positive PCR or self-reported COVID-19. Three CALWHIV were hospitalized, two with COVID-19 (nonsevere disease) and one young adult with MIS. Although SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was high across all settings, even in unvaccinated participants, it was broadly comparable to general population estimates, and most infections were mild/asymptomatic. Results support policy decisions excluding CALWHIV without severe immunosuppression from high-risk groups for COVID-19.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".