A 99-year journey on the evolution of food safety in Canadian livestock production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1925, major food safety threats were bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis from drinking unpasteurized milk. After pasteurization and dairy hygiene inspections were made mandatory, infant mortality was cut in half. Testing the Canadian herd for tuberculosis required from 1923 to 1961, with 400 000 positives culled and bovine tuberculosis-free status achieved in 1997. A national vaccination program for brucellosis was initiated in 1950 and Canada was recognized as brucellosis-free in 1985. With bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis controlled, researchers next tackled pathogens intermittently shed by healthy animals. The Jack in the Box outbreak (1992–1993) led to required Food Safety Enhancement Programs for federally registered meat and poultry processors in 2005. These programs and antimicrobial interventions by processors reduced incidence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from 4/100 000 population in the 1990s to 0.77/100 000 in 2022. Similarly, national programs to reduce Salmonella in poultry products decreased salmonellosis by 1/3 by 2019. Although livestock production has new challenges such as highly pathogenic avian influenza in dairy cattle, new tools such as whole genome sequencing and biosensors will help address these challenges. Accordingly, current and future Canadian researchers should be able to maintain the history of continuous improvement in food safety evident over the past 99 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".