Inflammatory Responses to Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae Clinical Isolates from Invasive and Non-Invasive Infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(NTHi) is often asymptomatically carried in the upper airways but can cause a wide spectrum of disease conditions, from local respiratory tract infections to invasive disease such as sepsis or meningitis. The factors driving NTHi's transition from benign carriage to severe systemic disease remain poorly understood. It is unknown whether NTHi strains associated with invasive or non-invasive disease differ in their capacity to trigger inflammatory responses in innate immune cells. To address this question, we have used an in vitro infection model of human THP-1 cells differentiated to macrophages. To evaluate inflammatory responses, we studied the expression of 3 prototypic pro-inflammatory molecules, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The role of lipooligosaccharide in triggering inflammatory responses was assessed using inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Our experiments demonstrated that NTHi strains isolated from cases of invasive and non-invasive infections were similarly able to induce strong activations of macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Our findings support the hypothesis that the development of invasive versus non-invasive NTHi disease may be more significantly influenced by the adaptive immune response than the innate immune response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".