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Record W4407817572 · doi:10.1051/metal/2025006

Oxidation kinetics and crystal structure of high-titanium slag containing sodium salt

2025· article· en· W4407817572 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueMetallurgical Research & Technology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicMetallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
FundersNational Natural Science Foundation of China
KeywordsKineticsSodiumSlag (welding)TitaniumSalt (chemistry)Materials scienceMetallurgySodium saltCrystal (programming language)Inorganic chemistryChemical engineeringChemistryPhysical chemistryComputer science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

A novel technology was suggested to obtain the high-quality upgraded titanium raw materials for chlorination process through semi-molten states reduction with sodium salt and magnetic separation. The oxidation behavior and crystal structure of the obtained high-titanium slag containing sodium salt were studied. The Me 3 O 5 solid solution is a uniform solid solution formed by doping Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Mn 2+ in the Ti ion occupancy sites based on the Ti 3 O 5 component. Doping of these impurities cause a decrease in lattice volume, which induces the lattice to distort. As the oxidation progresses, the Me 3 O 5 solid solution was oxidized to Anatase, and impurity elements such as Fe were doped into the Ti ion vacancies in Na 0.24 TiO 2 to form sodium-titanium-iron oxide. Anatase was completely transformed into Rutile when the oxidation temperature increased to 900 °C, untransformed Anatase reacted with the sodium-titanium-iron oxide to form sodium-titanium oxide. At 550 °C, 600 °C, and 650 °C, the reaction was controlled by chemical reaction and gas diffusion, the apparent activation energy was 231.48 kJ/mol kJ/mol. At 650 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C, the reaction is controlled by gas diffusion, the apparent activation energy was 6.52 kJ/mol.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.443
Threshold uncertainty score0.674

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.290
Teacher spread0.275 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it