Some Results of ERTF Carbon Capture Pilot Plant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Emissions Reduction Test Facility (ERTF) Carbon Capture Pilot Plant located in Renfrew, UK, was built and commissioned in 2010, and it is based on Delta CleanTech first carbon capture generation technology, Thermal Kinetics Optimization® Configuration (TKO®). The ERTF pilot plant was designed to evaluate post-combustion CO 2 capture technologies and to accommodate several test campaigns such as solvent screening, process configuration evaluation, new unit operation evaluation, variety of flue gases inlet (coal, natural gas, and simulated flue gases), and different operating parameters. Furthermore, the ERTF pilot plant was designed in water balance, which means no demineralized water make-up is needed during normal steady-state operation and no water purge to waste water treatment. The pilot plant capacity is ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 metric tonne per day of CO 2 , depending on the flue gas type, solvent type, operating parameters, and process configuration. In this paper, the results from some test campaigns were reported, which represent the performance of the Delta first-generation technology known as Thermal Kinetics Optimization® Configuration (TKO®) and RS-2® solvent. Three test campaigns’ results were presented in this work. The first test run (run #107) was conducted successfully to capture 1 TPD using RS-2 ® solvent at a CO 2 recovery rate of 91.2%. The steam consumption of this test run was 1.33 kg steam per kilogram of CO 2 (low-pressure saturated steam at 140°C). At a flue gas rate of 230 kg/h and a solvent rate of 780 kg/h, it is not possible to achieve CO 2 rich loading of more than 0.38 mol/mol, which is not the optimum operating parameter to capture the CO 2 at 90% CO 2 recovery at minimum reboiler steam consumption of less than 1.2 kg/kg as a target. The second and third test runs (runs #108 and #109) were successfully conducted to capture more than 90% of CO 2 from the flue gas at a steam consumption of equal or less than 1.2 kg steam per kilogram of CO 2 . In this test campaign, the flue gas rate was 126 kg/h, and the solvent rate was 350 kg/h. At these optimum operating parameters, it is possible to achieve a steam consumption of less than 1.2 kg steam per kilogram of CO 2 by capturing about 0.6 TPD of CO 2 from coal flue gas. The ERTF pilot plant can be operated at a steady state for a reasonable time and can meet the low-energy demand of RS-2® solvent using the TKO® process configuration. Furthermore, a validation study of the ERTF operating results using a rate-based process simulator has been conducted. A good agreement between the predicted and measured data was obtained and reported for the three test campaign runs (#107, #108, and #109).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".