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Record W4407825966 · doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3544590

SecureLLAMA: Secure FPGAs Using LLAMA Large Language Models

2025· article· en· W4407825966 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueIEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicPhysical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Canadian institutionsOntario Tech University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsField-programmable gate arrayComputer scienceProgramming languageParallel computingComputer architectureEmbedded system

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly utilized in critical applications across sectors such as infrastructure, defense, and autonomous systems. However, the inherent flexibility of FPGAs introduces significant security vulnerabilities, particularly in the hardware description languages (HDLs) used to program them. This article introduces SecureLLAMA, an enhanced version of the LLAMA2 model, specifically designed to detect and mitigate FPGA vulnerabilities. Leveraging a novel dataset “FPGAvul” which includes both real-world examples and synthetically generated vulnerabilities. Our dataset FPGAvul addresses vulnerabilities such as initialization errors, clock domain crossing issues, insecure state machines, resource sharing conflicts, and buffer overflows. SecureLLAMA demonstrates superior accuracy in identifying and addressing security flaws in FPGA configurations. Comprehensive evaluation shows that SecureLLAMA significantly improves the detection of vulnerabilities, providing a robust solution for securing FPGAs in embedded systems. The findings of this research have the potential to advance FPGA security practices, ensuring their safe integration in critical environments where reliability is essential.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.981
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.002
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.036
GPT teacher head0.298
Teacher spread0.262 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it