Transcriptome analysis of interna rootlets of the rhizocephalan Parasacculina sinensis reveals potential mechanisms of parasite host control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The endoparasitic rhizocephalan Parasacculina sinensis has a radically simplified morphology and primarily infests decapods crustaceans. Rhizocephalan barnacles usually absorb nutrients from the host through a complex rootlet system (the interna), and also change the morphology, physiology and behavior of their hosts. However, little is known about the transcriptomic landscape, ultrastructural details and gene expression of the interna rootlets in the group. In this study, we investigated the structural and molecular signatures of the interna of P. sinensis by using detailed histological staining and transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS: The interconnected F-actin nodal network, lipid droplets, and nucleus of interna rootlets were visualized using fluorescence straining. We successfully obtained a clean transcriptome of P. sinensis and conducted functional analyses of interna embedded within host hepatopancreas, claw muscle, and eyestalk. The gene ontology (GO) terms related to translation, metabolic process, biosynthetic process, cellular process were highly expressed in the top 10% transcripts from the interna. The GO category of shared differential expression of genes (DEGs) among internae was related to embryonic development. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and the GO term neurotransmitter transporter activity were identified in the shared DEGs among internae. The interna entangled within host hepatopancreas, eyestalk and claw muscle fibers had similarities and differences in the functional biology. Additionally, the interna specific candidate genes probably involved in host immune, lipid metabolism, molting and growth were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates an in-depth function of interna rootlets of P. sinensis and reveals potential mechanisms of parasite host control. This study provides novel information to further investigate the evolutionary drivers of parasitism in barnacles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".