Dose–response relationship between leisure-time physical activity and metabolic syndrome in short sleep US adults: evidence from a nationwide investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and short sleep are prevalent health concerns in the United States, yet the relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and MetS among individuals with short sleep duration remains unclear. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 8999 US adults aged 20 years and older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Short sleep duration was defined as less than 7 h per night, and MetS was diagnosed based on criteria from the American Endocrine Society and the American Society of Clinical Endocrinology. Weighted regression analyses revealed a significant inverse association between LTPA and MetS, with higher LTPA levels linked to lower MetS (OR (95% CI): 0.990 (0.984, 0.997), p = 0.003). Participants who achieved the World Health Organization’s recommended LTPA levels had a substantially lower MetS compared to those with no LTPA (OR (95% CI): 0.624 (0.527, 0.738), p = 0.001). Stratified analyses showed that this protective effect varied across demographic subgroups, and a threshold effect was observed at 2000 MET-min/week, beyond which further LTPA did not significantly enhance protection against MetS. These findings highlight the importance of regular LTPA that is negatively associated with MetS among individuals with inadequate sleep, emphasizing the need for targeted health promotion efforts in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".