Ultrasonographic Features of the Prostate Gland in Dogs in Jaipur, Rajasthan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Prostate gland ultrasonography is a diagnostic imaging technique used to assess size, shape and structure of the prostate gland in male dogs. Prostate size estimation is important in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic disorders such as prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), cysts, abscesses and neoplasms. Methods: The dimensions of prostate gland in dogs, as assessed by ultrasonography, is currently not yet reported in this area.This study was aimed at reporting of standardization of prostate gland features including length, width and ultrasonographic appearance and correlation of prostate gland parameters i.e. length and width with age and body weight of healthy dogs, 2-5 years old of German shepherd (n=30) and Labrador (n=30) breeds, reported at Veterinary Clinical Complex of Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (PGIVER), Jaipur. B-mode transabdominal ultrasonographic examination was done at 6 MHz frequency in lateral recumbency without sedation. Result: Prostate gland had hypoechoic homogenous parenchyma with moderately echogenic stippling appearance. The capsule appeared relatively hyperechogenic. In GSD age group-I (2 to 3 years), group-II (3 to 4 years) and group-III (4 to 5 years) prostate measured 22.73±1.01 mm and 22.58±0.95 mm; 30.22±1.85 mm and 29.04±1.66 mm and 32.02±0.65 mm and 32.34±0.90 mm in length and width, respectively. In Labrador age group-I (2 to 3 years), group-II (3 to 4 years) and group III (4 to 5 years) prostate measured 20.88±0.62 mm and 22.32±0.67 mm; 26.54±0.56 mm and 27.97±0.63 mm and 37.05±0.90 mm and 37.90±1.12 mm in length and width, respectively. Prostatic parameters i.e. length and width in GSD and Labrador (in all three groups) showed positive correlation with age and body weight. Ultrasonographic features of the prostate are considered to be more precise, as gives clearly distinct demarcation of the prostate’s edges with better resolution and visualization along with absence of a magnification effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".