Sex-specific variation in breeding-ground departure decisions and detection rates during southbound migration in West Atlantic Flyway Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding movement ecology of long-distance migrants is essential for effective conservation. We showed that West Atlantic Flyway Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) depart their breeding grounds at different times based on breeding latitude, sex, and nest fate. Whimbrel may exhibit sex-specific preferences in migration, with males favoring oceanic routes, or molt strategies, with males losing glued-on tags earlier than females. We radio-tracked 45 birds from two study sites 710 km apart, with 30 detected after departure. The northern population departed significantly later than the southern population. Successful males in the north tended to depart later than the other groups. Detection probability declined with time after departure, and males were less likely to be detected than females. Seven females, but no males, were detected in one location for more than 1 day. Birds detected in the Maritime Provinces were not detected farther south, while all other birds were detected farther south along the Western Atlantic coast. This suggests that birds detected in the Maritimes may continue with overwater flights to their wintering areas. Our results are the first to suggest that there may be sex-specific preferences for migration routes, or molt strategies in Whimbrel, implying the need for more complex conservation actions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".