Validity, reliability and Turkish adaptation of Preschool Activity Card Sort in autism spectrum disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The Preschool Activity Ranking (PACS) is a tool that measures preschool children's activity participation by focusing on the frequency and extent of their participation. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Preschool Activity Card Sort (PACS) by conducting a Turkish cultural adaptation of the scale in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: This study was conducted with a prospective cross-sectional study design. Participants included parents of 70 children with ASD (study group) and 27 typically developing children (control group) aged between 3 and 6 years old. Validity was analyzed using construct validity, while reliability was examined through internal consistency and test-retest methods. RESULTS: < 0.01). Additionally, a statistically significant correlation was found between the PACS and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) in all sub-domains except for the household chores sub-domain. The PACS demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha's = 0.94) and excellent time invariance ICC coefficients for the self-care, social mobility, leisure time (low physical requirement), social interaction, housework, and education sub-domains. For the leisure time (high physical requirement) subdomain, the PACS demonstrated good reliability (ICC = 0.85). CONCLUSION: Overall, the Turkish version of the PACS was found to be a valid and reliable tool for evaluating activity participation in children with ASD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".