Gaps in Public Access Defibrillation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a global health issue, for which rapid public access defibrillation (PAD) increases survival. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate international legislation relating to PAD and develop legal recommendations to improve PAD in OHCA. METHODS: Searches covering 5 domains (automated external defibrillator [AED] provision, funding, identification, maintenance, lay responder training) were conducted in 99 jurisdictions worldwide: United States (50) and Canada (13) analyzed at state/province level; 36 other countries analyzed at national level. Forty-nine legislation sources were searched from September 27, 2021, to May 5, 2022. Legislative data were classified: Enabling Legislation (facilitating PAD) or Disabling Legislation (hindering PAD). Based on retrieved data, recommendations for international AED laws were developed. RESULTS: Searches identified 419,248 legal records. Enabling Legislation regarding AED provision in public areas was present in 60% U.S. states, 8% Canadian provinces, and 22% of nations studied from the rest of world. Disabling Legislation regarding registration of AEDs, that could potentially discourage AED ownership, was found in 37 North American jurisdictions. Enabling Legislation regarding AED signage was found in 66% U.S. states and 39% of all jurisdictions worldwide. Overall, 48% of worldwide jurisdictions studied had legislative requirements for AED maintenance, including 80% of all U.S. states. Internationally, 49.5% of jurisdictions studied had Enabling Legislation mandating AED training, and 66% United States had this for schools. Only 4 jurisdictions worldwide gave implicit authorization to laypersons for AED use in emergencies. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant variability in international legislation relating to PAD. All countries should consider Enabling Legislation that could decrease delays to PAD. Similarly, Disabling Legislation potentially hindering prompt PAD during OHCA should be withdrawn.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.070 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".