Comprehensive review of bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells with a focus on materials, processing methods and characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is being developed as a key component of climate change mitigation and post-pandemic economic recovery strategies, especially for the hard to decarbonized sectors like transport. This requires lightweight and highly performing PEMFCs, and bipolar plates (BPs) usually takes around 80% of the weight and volume of the PEMFCs. Bipolar plate provides conducting path for electrons from cell to cell, structural support to cell stack, uniform reactant flow along with removal of biproducts. Fuel cell efficiency , its power density, energy density with water and heat removal are the function of BPs performance, during operation. Whereas the performance or characteristics of BPs i.e., conductivity, gas permeability , hydrophobicity , mechanical and electrochemical durability depends on its quality, which have direct relationship with the material choice, manufacturing method, their parameters and flow field design. Several reviews extensively presented design aspect of flow fields of BPs, whereas a notable comparative analysis of materials, characteristics along with manufacturing processes need to be addressed to encourage better understanding towards efficient PEMFCs and to reduce weight and volume of fuel cell stack . This review aims to provide a comprehensive insight about recent materials (graphite, metallic, and composite materials), processing methods, and characteristics of developed bipolar plates for PEMFC. It highlighted and proposed the various research directions and provide the guidance for the future development of bipolar plates and to obtain optimum combination of required properties, simultaneously.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".