Operando 3D Imaging of Electrolyte Motion in Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrolyte motion in commercial Li-ion batteries has become an important topic as researchers seek to understand patterns of degradation that occur in large-format cells. Recent work has linked the motion of excess electrolyte to Li plating on the anode of large-format cells after repeated fast charging - an effect known as electrolyte motion induced salt inhomogeneity (EMSI). Mapping the distribution and flow patterns of electrolyte in the cell is critical to understanding these phenomena and predicting the patterns of Li plating that can result. In this work, we used time-resolved, synchrotron computed tomography (CT) to directly image the flow of electrolyte in two commercial 18650 cells during cycling, with one cell containing SiOx in the negative electrode and the other containing only graphite. The former cell shows significantly more electrolyte “pumping” during charge and discharge as well as asymmetric redistribution of salt along the jelly roll after hundreds of cycles. The results yield new insights into how electrolyte motion and its effects are influenced by the composition, geometry, and orientation of the cell.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".