Associations of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Infection with School-Age Brain Development in Children Born Preterm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and culture-positive infection with neurodevelopment and white matter maturation at 8 years of age in children born preterm. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of 164 children born at 24-32 weeks of gestation followed to 8 years of age (89 male, median [IQR] age: 8.24 [8.07-8.58] years). At age 8, IQ (Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, second Ed), working memory (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fifth Ed), visual-motor (Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration sixth Ed), and motor outcomes (Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2) were assessed. Diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics were used to assess fractional anisotropy (FA). RESULTS: Fifty of 164 children had BPD and 72/164 had culture-positive infection. At 8 years, BPD was associated with a 9.8-point decrease in motor (CI -17.9 to -1.8, P = .02) and 6.0-point decrease in visual-motor scores (CI -10.5 to -1.5, P = .009), whereas infection was associated with a 6.3-point decrease in IQ (CI -12.3 to -0.3, P = .04), after adjusting for gestational age and white matter injury volume. BPD was associated with left hemisphere-dominant FA reductions, which were associated with worse motor (P = .000006) and visual-motor (P = .00005) outcomes, whereas infection was associated with bilateral FA reductions, which were associated with lower IQ scores (P = .03) and poorer working memory (P = .01) at 8 years. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort study of children born very preterm suggests that BPD and culture-positive infection are distinctly associated with impaired white-matter development and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. These findings imply neonatal illnesses impact the brain nonuniformly, suggesting opportunities for targeted intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".