The Arabic Version of the Prosthesis Embodiment Scale (AR-PEmbs): Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity in Lebanese Individuals with Lower-Limb Amputation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Arabic version of the Prosthesis Embodiment Scale for Individuals with lower-limb amputation (AR-PEmbS-LLA) and evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods The AR-PEmbS-LLA was developed using a forward-backward translation process, expert reviews, and pilot testing with 10 individuals with lower-limb amputation (LLA). A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted with 60 Lebanese adults with major LLAs who used prosthetic devices. Participants completed the AR-PEmbSLLA and the Houghton scale for prosthetic use, the revised Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scale (TAPES-R) for adjustment and satisfaction, and the Locomotor Capabilities Index (LCI) for locomotor abilities. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and exploratory factor analysis were performed to assess the psychometric properties of the AR-PEmbS-LLA. Convergent validity was evaluated using Spearman correlations with the other scales. Results The AR-PEmbS-LLA demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.97) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95, P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a single-factor structure explaining 78.23% of the variance. Significant correlations were found with TAPES-R general adjustment ( r = 0.37, P < 0.001), social adjustment subscales ( r = 0.33, P = 0.001), and the LCI basic activities score ( r = 0.39, P < 0.001), and the LCI advanced activities score ( r = 0.35, P < 0.01). Conclusions The AR-PEmbS-LLA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing prosthesis embodiment in Arabic-speaking individuals with LLA. It can be effectively used in clinical and research settings to understand and enhance the prosthesis integration experience. Clinical Relevance The AR-PEmbS-LLA represents a valuable addition to the limited toolkit for evaluating and optimizing prosthetic outcomes in Arabic-speaking individuals with LLA, enhancing clinical practice and research endeavors in this field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".