A new species and the first description of the female of Fiaponeura Lu et al. (Neuroptera: Psychopsoidea) from Cretaceous Kachin amber
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) are a remarkable group of insects displaying astonishing diversity during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Neuroptera is an order of holometabolous insects, which, together with Megaloptera and Raphidioptera, comprise the superorder Neuropterida (Engel et al., 2018). The morphologically diverse larvae of Neuroptera are known for their specialized sucking mouthparts for fluid feeding, as well as for their distinct life histories, such as trap builders (antlions), freshwater parasites (spongillaflies), and termite predators (beaded lacewings) (Oswald & Machado, 2018). The adults are usually predators, with some exceptions, and exhibit greatly reticulated wings, with variable sizes, shapes and coloration patterns. The order comprises ca. 6,000 extant species in 15 families, and the fossil record impressively adds 15 and 1,078 extinct families and species, respectively (Winterton et al., 2018; Oswald, 2024). During the past decades, extinct lacewings with long proboscides have been discovered in fossil records and placed in the superfamily Psychopsoidea. Investigating the role of these insects in pollination and examining the comparative morphological structure of mouthparts is paramount to our understanding of lacewing diversity, evolution, and function (Lu et al., 2016).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".