Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. Observations of protoplanetary disks within multiple systems in nearby star-forming regions (SFRs) have shown that the presence of a neighboring object influences the evolution of dust in disks. However, the size of the available sample and the separation range covered are insufficient to fully understand the dust evolution in binary systems. Aims. The goal of this work, based on the Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA), is to comprehensively characterize the impact of stellar multiplicity on Class II disks in the L1641 and L1647 regions of Orion A (∼1–3 Myr). We characterized the protostellar multiplicity using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the ESO-VISTA, and the Hubble Space Telescope. The resulting sample of 65 multiple systems is the largest catalog of wide binary systems to date (projected separation ≥1000 AU) and enables a more robust statistical characterization of the evolution and properties of protoplanetary disks. Methods. The disk population was observed in the continuum with ALMA at 225 GHz, with a median rms of 1.5 M⊕. We combined these data (resolution of ∼1.1″) with the ESO-VISTA near-infrared survey of the Orion A cloud (resolution of ∼0.7″). From this dataset, multiple-star systems were selected using an iterative inside-out search in projected separation (≥1000 AU). Results. We identify 61 binary systems, 3 triple systems, and 1 quadruple system. The separation range is between 1000 and 104 AU. The dust mass distributions inferred via the Kaplan-Meier estimator yield a median mass of 3.23−0.4+0.6 M⊕ for primary disks and 3.88−0.3+0.3 M⊕ for secondary disks. Conclusions. Combining our data with those available for the Lupus and Taurus disks, we identify a threshold separation of about 130 AU, beyond which the previously observed positive correlation between millimeter flux (and hence dust mass) and projected separation is lost. Recent theoretical models confirm that pre- and post-threshold systems are the result of different star formation processes, such as the fragmentation of gravitationally unstable circumstellar disks, the thermal fragmentation of infalling cores, or the turbulent fragmentation of molecular clouds. We can rule out the dependence on different SFRs: the cumulative mass distributions of multiples in SFRs of similar ages are statistically indistinguishable. This result strengthens the hypothesis that there is a universal initial mass distribution for disks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".