Sexual and reproductive health and rights knowledge and learning experiences of 1.5-generation Bangladeshi women in Toronto: An intersectional analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) knowledge plays a critical role in preventing risky sexual behaviours and protecting overall health. Little is known about the SRHR knowledge of 1.5-generation Bangladeshi women in Canada, an immigrant subpopulation who remain understudied in health research. Using an intersectional lens, this study explored the SRHR knowledge and learning experiences of 1.5-generation women of Bangladeshi origin in Toronto, Ontario. Ten women aged 18–22 were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling. Narratives were collected on several aspects of SRHR knowledge, including sex education in elementary and secondary school in Canada and sources of information. The findings revealed knowledge gaps related to STDs/STIs, methods of transmission, prevention and symptoms, and contraception. Differences in the scope of SRHR topics learnt in school were observed, and the depth of learning was not sufficient. Sex education uptake in secondary school was low. SRHR knowledge formation is multidimensional, dynamic, and interdependent in nature. Social identities such as age, ethnicity, gender, and religion intersect to shape knowledge within the larger context of culture of origin, family, school-based sexual health education, country of emigration, social interactions with peers, media, and the Internet. Knowledge gaps in critical areas of SRHR increase the risk of adverse health outcomes among young 1.5-generation Bangladeshi women. Increased monitoring at the district and provincial levels is necessary to improve the quality of sex education in schools in Toronto. Culturally appropriate community-based initiatives are recommended to address the SRHR information needs of Bangladeshi immigrant youth in Toronto.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".