Lateral Cyclic Response of Large-Scale Bridge Piers with Double Steel and Hybrid Layers of Longitudinal and Transverse Reinforcements: An Experimental Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To ensure acceptable ductility and post-yield stiffness for bridge piers in seismic regions, double-confined steel (DCS) reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers could be effective design options. However, steel corrosion is a major problem for the long-term durability and resiliency of such important infrastructures. To protect such bridge columns, this study proposes that the exterior reinforcement layer be constructed with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) to protect it from deleterious substances and protect the inner steel reinforcement layer. The use of double-confined hybrid (DCH) offers improved distribution and ease of construction. The double-confined section consists of three levels of confinement: unconfined concrete (cover), singly confined concrete (between the two layers of spirals), and doubly-confined concrete (inside the inner layer of spirals or the core). However, one of the main challenges for DCH under lateral loads is finding a balance between durability and ductility requirements. This study delves into the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers, particularly DCS and DCH, under quasi-static cyclic loading. Through comprehensive experimental testing, the research showcased the distinct behavior of DCS and DCH in terms of their lateral load-carrying capacity, damage progression, and ductility. The observed hysteresis loops for both types denoted unique energy dissipation characteristics. Emphasis was given to the performance-based seismic design (PBD) approach, a method now prevalent in design codes. In line with CSA S6-19 guidelines, four performance levels were established, reflecting different damage states. The research further discussed the effective flexural stiffness of these configurations, noting variations based on axial load ratios. Furthermore, a practical design example based on PBD was presented, shedding light on the seismic behavior of RC bridge piers, with a focus on reinforcement configurations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".