Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coal plays an important role in the world energy system , and the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) generated during its utilization has a significant impact on the global greenhouse effect and climate change . This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelationships between climate change, greenhouse gas emissions , coal utilization, and low-carbon technologies. It discusses the causes and consequences of climate change, emphasizing the significant impact of fossil fuel combustion, particularly coal, on global warming , and highlights the urgent need to address climate change, as rising levels of CO 2 concentration have disrupted the global carbon cycle and led to evident signs of global warming. It also emphasizes the importance of transitioning from coal to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources to mitigate the impact of climate change on the planet and future generations. The content delves into the role of coal in electricity production and heavy industry, acknowledging its historical importance while recognizing the environmental challenges it poses. It also discusses various approaches to reducing CO 2 emissions associated with coal consumption, such as integrated coal gasification combined cycle, integrated coal gasification fuel-cell combined cycle, carbon capture and storage , carbon capture and utilization technologies. This chapter emphasizes the need for continuous research and development of clean energy technologies and international cooperation to address the global challenges of climate change. Overall, people need to be more proactive and urgent in addressing climate change and transitioning towards low-carbon and sustainable energy in order to ensure a sustainable future for the planet.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".