Sexual Violence Against Men: Impacts on Individual Victims, Significant Others, and the Community in the Eastern Region of Congo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conflict-related sexual violence remains a systematic tool employed in warfare and terrorism to undermine communities, as recognized by the UN Security Council in Resolutions 1820 (2008) and 2242 (2015). Sexual violence has been a persistent issue throughout the history of conflict, war, and human existence. However, the victimization of men and boys remains insufficiently acknowledged and reported. This under-recognition can be attributed to several factors, such as societal stigma, the topic’s sensitive nature, prevailing stereotypes, and cultural influences. Male sexual violence is recognized as a critical public health concern because of its profound, immediate, and lasting effects on the victims, their loved ones, the community, and society at large. This paper examines the social and relational consequences of such violence on the individual victims, their significant others, and the wider society. The analysis will draw upon data gathered from the author’s doctoral thesis conducted in the Eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2021, as well as recent research on this critical issue to enrich the discussion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".