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Record W4408039761 · doi:10.1177/14613557251316088

Implementing virtual reality training in policing: A case study using the technology acceptance model

2025· article· en· W4408039761 on OpenAlex
Eric Halford, AlShaima Taleb Hussain, Paige Keningale, Camie Condon

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Police Science & Management · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicVirtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Canadian institutionsSeneca Polytechnic
Fundersnot available
KeywordsInteractivityTechnology acceptance modelPsychologyVirtual realityApplied psychologyThematic analysisOfficerDescriptive statisticsImmersion (mathematics)Context (archaeology)Medical educationUsabilityMultimediaComputer scienceQualitative researchMedicineHuman–computer interaction

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The purpose of this article is to explore the acceptance of virtual reality (VR) training in a single police service that implemented the technology as a key part of its training procedures. We examined satisfaction data from surveys of police officers and civilian staff collected over three years, complemented by interviews with staff involved in the development and use of VR. The technology acceptance model (TAM) provides the theoretical framework for exploring six hypotheses based on previous research, enabling the study to assess the perceived ease of use, usefulness, enjoyment, immersion, interaction, and future intention to use VR technology. Insights were derived from a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics, along with thematic analysis. Results show a consistent upward trend in officer satisfaction with VR, along with strong evidence of perceived usefulness, immersion, and interactivity. Significant findings indicate a link between satisfaction with VR and education, with PhD holders reporting the highest levels of satisfaction. Gender differences were also evident, with female participants expressing higher satisfaction than males. In addition, participants with more than 10 years of service reported significantly lower satisfaction than mid-service officers, suggesting that age may be a contributory factor. These findings are discussed in the context of the interplay between demographic factors and technology acceptance in policing. We emphasize the need for the development of tailored training and communication strategies to support the effective implementation of VR technology as a medium for instruction for employees of all ages and genders.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.775
Threshold uncertainty score0.594

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0030.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.071
GPT teacher head0.421
Teacher spread0.350 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it